PARTICIPLES

Participles  

The Simple Participles

The present participle (the-ing form of the verb) and the past particple (the-ed/-en form of the verb) may be used in sentences as adjective modifiers. They may modify nouns occuring in any position in the sentence.
                The sewing machine is out of order.
                She bought a used textbook.
                He is a spoiled child.

The simple participle may have four positions in the sentence.
                Before a noun:
                                The crying baby is suffering from the heat.
                After a noun:
                                The baby, crying, woke his motheR.
                At the beginning of a sentence, to modify the subject:
                                Crying, the baby woke his mother.
                After a linking verb:
                                She seemed worried.

Participles may be used in perfect constructions and perfect passive constructions.
                Having eaten, the baby went to sleep.
                Having been helped, he wanted to help others.
                Being worried, I forgot to speak to them.
                Having been listening, I knew all that had been said.

The Participial Phrase

Participles commonly have objects and adverbial modifiers and they can sometimes have subjects. The participle and its subjcts, objects, and modifiers make up the participial phrase.
                Mr. Webster, having asked for our opinions, had to listen to our replies.
                The girl wearing the red blouse is Angela.
                Walking rapidly past the burning building,

 I saw a woman escape through a downstairs window.
                The man being my uncle, I had no choice but to do as he asked me.

Punctuatio of the Participial Phrase

                The participial phrase may be restrictive, that is, necessary to indetify the noun it modifies, or nonrestrictive, that is, not essential to the identificatio of the noun it modifies.

As with adjective clauses, the nonrestictive participial modifier is set off by a comma or commas, according to its position in the sentence, while the restrictive participle is not punctuated.

                Restrictive           : The boy studying his lesson is the teacher’s son.
                Nonrestrictive   : The boy, studying his lesson, did not notice that the bellhad rung.
                Restrictive           : The boy wearing the red shirt is Jerry Webster.
                Nonrestrictive   : Jerry Webster, wearing a new red shirt, was sitting in the front row.
                Nonrestrictive   : Jerry Webster was there, wearing a new red shirt.

Position of the Participial Phrase

The restrictive participle follows the word it modifies. The nonrestrictve participle, however, may appear before the noun it modifies, after the noun it modifies, or at the end of the sentence. If a participle comes at the begining of a sentence, it must modiify the subject of the following clause.

                Crying for milk, the baby woke everyone up.
                The baby, crying for milk, woke everyone up.
                The baby woke everyone up, crying for milk.

When a participlehas a subject, the resulting participial phrase comes either at the beginning or t the end of the sentence and is set off by a comma. These phrases are sometimes called nominative absolutes. Usually, they have adverbal functios in the sentence.

                Time      :               Her lesson finished, the student relaxed.
                                                (When her lesson was finished, the student relaxed.)
                Cause    :               The weather appearing stormy, the class canceled picnic.
                                                (Because the weather appeared stormy, the class canceled the picnic.)
                Condition  :         Weather permitting, we will have the picnic next week.
                                                (If the weather permits, we will have the picnic next week.)

BY : rianda rita ayu